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Biography of Jan SteenDutch Baroque painter born 1626 - died 1679 Also known as: Jan Havicksz. Steen, Jan Havickszoon Steen, Jan Havicz. Steen, Jane Steen, Jan Stein, Jan Stien, I. Steen, Jansteen, Janstein, Jean Stean, Jean Steen, Jean Stein, Jean Stien, John Steen. Movement: Dutch Golden Age painting Teacher of: Nikolaus Knüpfer (1603-1655). |
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Dutch genre painter Jan Steen was born in Leiden c. 1625/26 into the family of a brewer. He enrolled briefly at the
university in 1646, but very soon turned to Holland paintings. He probably received his training in Utrecht from Nicolaes Knüpfer,
and worked in the workshops of Adriaen van Ostade in Haarlem and van Goyen in The Hague, whose daughter married in 1649.
Jan Steen remained in The Hague until 1654, and then moved to Delft (1654-56), where the painter took over a brewery, which soon failed. The next five
years Steen lived in Warmond near Leiden. From 1661 till 1670 Jan Steen was in Haarlem, and finally settled for the last ten years of
his life again in Leiden where the artist obtained a license to run a tavern (since 1672).
Jan Steen painted genre and bible subjects, landscapes and portraits of Holland oil paintings. He is one of the most cheerful Dutch artists of the XVII century; this was probably influenced of his bright, sociable and good-natured character. |
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The evolution of Jan Steen painting reflects his susceptibility to different trends in Holland
art during Dutch Golden Age,
various methods and techniques of his contemporaries; tending sometimes towards Ostade and Brouwer, then again towards de
Hooch, Terborch or
Vermeer. This variety of manner made Holland paintings diverse, but best Jan Steen paintings are on level with his time’s achievements. Inclined to humorous situations, he paid much attention to relations of his characters, their poses, body language, gestures and facial expressions on Holland paintings. Sometimes Jan Steen depicted himself and his family in merry company, sometimes used folk proverbs as his subjects. Bible subjects the artist also rendered through genre compositions. |
Daily life was Jan Steen's main pictorial theme. Many of the genre scenes he portrayed, as in The Feast of Saint Nicholas, are lively to the point of chaos and lustfulness, even so much that a Jan Steen household, meaning a messy scene, became a Dutch proverb (een huishouden van Jan Steen). Subtle hints in Jan Steen art seem to suggest that Steen meant to warn the viewer rather than invite him to copy this behaviour. Many of Steen's paintings bear references to old Dutch proverbs or literature. He often used members of his family as models, and painted quite a few self-portraits in which he showed no tendency of vanity. |
Jan Steen did not shy from other themes: he painted historical, mythological and religious scenes, portraits, still lifes and natural scenes.
Jan Steen portraits of children are famous. He is also well known for his mastery of light and attention to detail, most notably in
Persian rugs and other textiles.
The painter was prolific, producing about 800 paintings, of which roughly 350 survive. Jan Steen artwork was valued much by contemporaries and as a result he was reasonably well paid for his work. He did not have many students—only Richard Brakenburg is recorded—but his works proved a source of inspiration for many Dutch Golden painters. The artist died in Leiden in 1679. |