Hendrick Terbrugghen

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Hendrick Terbrugghen oil painting artist

Hendrick Terbrugghen Biography

Dutch artist
born 1588 - died 1629

Terbrugghen, Hendrick (hen'drik terbroog'hun) [key], 1588–1629, Dutch painter, a leading member of the Utrecht school. Hendrick Terbrugghen was a pupil of the history painter Bloemaert before living (c.1604–14) in Italy. Crowning of Thorns (1620; Copenhagen) is first known dated Hendrick Terbrugghen work. Like his contemporaries Honthorst and Baburen, He was largely influenced by Caravaggio, although an awareness of Dürer and Lucas van Leyden recurs throughout Hendrick Terbrugghen painting.

His intimate and restrained genre compositions foreshadow in coloring the painting of Vermeer. Many of his Netherlandish paintings are nighttime genre scenes. Hendrick Terbrugghen art is represented in the major European museums. Typical examples are his St. Sebastian (Allen Mus., Oberlin, Ohio), Old Man Writing (Smith College Mus., Northampton, Mass.), and Crucifixion (1620s; Metropolitan Mus.).

Dutch painter, one of the earliest and finest exponents of Caravaggism in northern Europe. Born into a Catholic family, Hendrick Terbrugghen grew up in Utrecht, studied there with Bloemaert, then spent about a decade in Rome (c. 1604-1614). On his return to the Netherlands Hendrick Terbrugghen became with Honthorst the leader of Caravaggism associated with the Utrecht school. A second journey to Italy (c. 1620) has been postulated, as later Hendrick Terbrugghen paintings are generally more thoroughly Caravaggesque than his earlier ones.
Terbrugghen was chiefly a religious painter, but he also produced some remarkable genre works, notably a pair of Flute Players (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Kassel, 1621), which in their subtle tonality - with dark figures placed against a light background - anticipated by a generation the achievement of artists of the Delft school such as Fabritius and Vermeer.
Although Hendrick Terbrugghen was praised by Rubens, who visited Utrecht in 1627, he was neglected by 18th- and 19th-century collectors and historians. The rediscovery of his sensitive and poetic paintings has been part of the reappraisal of Caravaggesque art during the 20th century.

The earliest treatment of the theme by a northern Caravaggesque painter is the Saint Sebastian, by Gerard van Honthorst (1592-1656), which was possibly painted as early as 1620.6 Although this work includes only the isolated figure of the wounded saint, Saint Sebastian's slumped, lifeless pose may have been an important source for Hendrick Terbrugghen.7 The more specific subject of Irene tending to Saint Sebastian and removing his arrows was first introduced into the north by Dirck van Baburen (ca. 1595-1624), in a work probably painted in Utrecht shortly before the artist's death in February 1624.8 Baburen's composition gives equal weight to the motifs of deposition and healing embodied in the Counter-Reformatory vision of the event. Jan van Bylert's (1597/98-1671) Saint Sebastian Tended by Irene, signed and dated 1624, is also indebted to Baburen's innovative composition.9 In his study of Hendrick Terbrugghen painting at Oberlin, Stechow also drew attention to an anonymous Italian Caravaggesque painting of Saint Sebastian Tended by Irene that may have been the model for one or all of these Netherlandish paintings.

Biography
The date and place of Hendrick Jansz his birth are not securely documented; Hendrick Terbrugghen seems to have been born either in The Hague or possibly Utrecht, probably about 1588.11 he was a pupil of Abraham Bloemaert (1564-1651) in Utrecht, then traveled in Italy to complete his artistic training, spending most of his time in Rome. There Hendrick Terbrugghen was profoundly influenced by the tenebrism and often brutal realism of Netherlandishpaintings by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571-1610) and his followers. Ter Brugghen was recorded in Milan on his way back to Holland in 1614, and was back in Utrecht before April 1615. Hendrick Terbrugghen entered that city's Guild of Saint Luke in 1616 or 1617; from 1620 or '22 until 1624 Hendrick Terbrugghen was closely associated with, and may have shared a studio with, the painter Dirck van Baburen. Aside from a possible return visit to Italy between 1619 and 1621, Hendrick Terbrugghen lived the remainder of his life in Utrecht, and was buried in the Buurkerk there on 7 November 1629.

Hendrick Terbrugghen was one of the leading representatives of Caravaggesque painting in the Netherlands. His sensitive and poetic style combines chiaroscuro lighting and simple, monumental forms with subtle painterly effects. Though clearly influenced by Italian painting, his work also carries echoes of Northern Renaissance traditions. Hendrick Terbrugghen painted mostly religious subjects and genre scenes (musicians and drinkers), as well as a few mythological and literary subjects.